![]() ![]() Quasi-enveloped virions have a lipid membrane and are found in the blood and culture supernatants. There are two types of infectious HAV particles: naked and quasi-enveloped virions. The hepatitis A virus (HAV) belongs to the Hepatovirus genus within the Picornaviridae family. The development of HAV antivirals may be important to control HAV outbreaks in developed countries where a universal vaccination programme is not recommended. Several countries have successfully introduced universal mass vaccination for children, but high-risk groups in high-income countries remain insufficiently protected. Hepatitis A infections can be prevented by vaccination safe and effective vaccines have been available for decades. Most of these outbreaks occur among high-risk groups: travellers, men who have sex with men, people who use substances, and people facing homelessness. The populations of developed countries are highly susceptible to HAV, and large outbreaks can occur when the virus is spread by globalization and by increased travel and movement of foodstuffs. Paradoxically, improving sanitary conditions in these countries, which reduces the incidence of HAV infections, can lead to more severe disease in susceptible adults. The virus is endemic in low-income countries where sanitary and sociodemographic conditions are poor. It is transmitted mainly by direct contact with patients who have been infected or by ingesting contaminated water or food. The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a leading cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide.
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